Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is true?

a) Ethnicity is the identification with a group that shares a common set of beliefs, values, customs, and norms.
b) Americans maintain a clear distinction between ethnicity and race.
c) Ethnicity is based on common biological features.
d) Ethnicity is the politically correct term for race.
e) Ethnicity and race are synonyms.

Answer: A

Which of the following typically governs exchange among foragers?

Which of the following typically governs exchange among foragers?

a) The market principle because foragers typically buy food in a market
b) Redistribution because one forager collects all the food then gives it away to the rest of the band
c) Generalized reciprocity because foragers routinely share with other band members
d) Negative reciprocity because foragers typically steal food from a neighboring band
e) None of the above

Answer: C

Which of the following is not a main purpose of religion discussed in class or your textbook?

Which of the following is not a main purpose of religion discussed in class or your textbook?

a) A way to maintain social order
b) A way to prevent communities from adapting to the world around them
c) A way to give context for daily experiences
d) A way to control the uncontrollable
e) All of the above are universal purposes of religion

Answer: B

Based on the different kinds of marriage discussed in class, which of the following statements is true?

Based on the different kinds of marriage discussed in class, which of the following statements is true?

a) There is no evidence that same-sex marriages exist outside of Western societies.
b) Where polygamy exists, it is found as an alternative to monogamy rather than the only type of marriage practiced.
c) Fraternal polyandry exists in some societies only because female infanticide caused a shortage of women.
d) There are some societies which have no incest taboo whatsoever.
e) Marriages are always between two living people.

Answer: B

Which of the following examples best illustrates a lineage?

Which of the following examples best illustrates a lineage?

a) A specific group among the Betsileo of Madagascar that say they are descended from mermaids.
b) Families in Spartanburg, SC who meet once every four years because of shared claims of descent to an ancestor named James "Tyger" Anderson.
c) Scottish families who claim common ancestry and wear a specific tartan pattern to demonstrate kinship.
d) Chickasaw families whose totem is a fox.
e) All of the above

Answer: B

A descent system that includes individual's from both the mother's and father's line of descent is called:

A descent system that includes individual's from both the mother's and father's line of descent is called:

a) Matrilineal
b) Patrilineal
c) Ambilineal
d) Bilateral
e) Unilateral

Answer: D

Many societies in the South Pacific have political leaders who have supporters in several villages and whose power and positions is related to his generosity and reciprocity. What is the term used to describe these leaders?

Many societies in the South Pacific have political leaders who have supporters in several villages and whose power and positions is related to his generosity and reciprocity. What is the term used to describe these leaders?

a) Big man
b) Chief
c) Village head
d) Head forager
e) President

Answer: A

Which of the following is NOT a feature of state systems?

Which of the following is NOT a feature of state systems?

a) Population control
b) Judiciary
c) Taxation
d) Enforcement
e) Social equality

Answer: E

______ describes the process by which nations and cultures are increasingly interlinked.

______ describes the process by which nations and cultures are increasingly interlinked.

a) Globalization
b) Ethnography
c) Anthropology
d) Adaptation
e) Viruses

Answer: A

Which of the following is true about rituals?

Which of the following is true about rituals?

a) They always involve contagious magic
b) They can be rites of intensification, liturgical orders, or rites of passage
c) They are stylized, repetitive, shared social practices set off from the routine of everyday life
d) Both B and C
e) None of the above

Answer: D

What is an example of expressive culture?

What is an example of expressive culture?

a) Art
b) Race
c) Nation states
d) Elephants painting
e) Kinship

Answer: A

According to the textbook, a work of art

According to the textbook, a work of art

a) Can attract attention and have special significance without being considered beautiful.
b) Will usually not result in political circumstances.
c) Can be understood only by art historians and art critics.
d) Is unrelated to the social and cultural contexts in which it is understood and interpreted.
e) Is unrelated to the social and cultural contexts in which it was produced.

Answer: A

Your textbook discusses how religious and secular religions are distinguished. One of the three concerns with the idea of secular ritual was that

Your textbook discusses how religious and secular religions are distinguished. One of the three concerns with the idea of secular ritual was that

a) Secular rituals seem more serious than religious rituals
b) Secular rituals seem less serious than religious rituals
c) Religious rituals are too commonly the focus of anthropological study
d) The behavior considered appropriate for religious occasions varies tremendously from culture to culture
e) There is common agreement about what is a religious ritual and what is a secular ritual

Answer: D

A generous tribal entrepreneur with multi village support and achieved status is called a chief.

A generous tribal entrepreneur with multi village support and achieved status is called a chief.

a) True
b) False

Answer: B

What is meant by the cultivation continuum?

What is meant by the cultivation continuum?

a) Subsistence exists on a continuum because no society has just one subsistence pattern
b) Some societies have intermediate economies combining horticultural and agricultural features
c) Some societies transition between foraging, pastoralism, and industrialism

Answer: B

Incest taboos and exogamy are adaptively advantageous because

Incest taboos and exogamy are adaptively advantageous because

a) They guarantee wealth inheritance
b) They create tension within the primary family
c) They are biologically sound
d) They promote forms genetically healthy communities
e) They create new social ties and alliances

Answer: E

The primary anthropological position on sex-gender roles and biology is that

The primary anthropological position on sex-gender roles and biology is that

a) The basis of gender is biology
b) The biological nature of men and women should be seen not as a narrow enclosure but rather as a broad base upon which a variety of structures can be built
c) Gender roles are consistent across cultures
d) There is universal agreement about the ways in which gender is constructed in a culture
e) Cultures are not sites in which gender plays a prominent role

Answer: B

Understanding kinship systems is an essential part of anthropology because of the importance of those systems to the people anthropologists study.

Understanding kinship systems is an essential part of anthropology because of the importance of those systems to the people anthropologists study.

a) True
b) False

Answer: A

Race, like ethnicity in general, is

Race, like ethnicity in general, is

a) A biological reality as much as a cultural one
b) Used by social scientists to classify humans based on genes and shared blood
c) Poorly understood by geneticists and therefore considered a cultural category
d) A meaningless concept to people living day-to-day
e) A cultural category rather than a biological reality

Answer: E

The two parental kin terms M=MZ=FZ and F=FB=MB would describe

The two parental kin terms M=MZ=FZ and F=FB=MB would describe

a) Bifurcate merging kinship terminology
b) Bifurcate collateral kinship terminology
c) Generational kinship terminology
d) Bilateral kinship calculation
e) Lineal kinship terminology

Answer: C

The weakest structural and economic position in the world system is known as the

The weakest structural and economic position in the world system is known as the

a) Periphery
b) Core
c) Semi periphery
d) Industrial Revolution
e) Cash circle

Answer: A

Which of the following statements most clearly describes gender from a culture that recognizes multiple gender identities?

Which of the following statements most clearly describes gender from a culture that recognizes multiple gender identities?

a) Transexual individuals are just men/women who dress up in women's/men's clothes.
b) "Two spirits" people, part of certain Native American beliefs can be considered women because they assume the roles and responsibilities of women.
c) While some cultures recognize more than two gender categories, Science shows that there are only two "real" genders.
d) The culture you grow up in chooses your gender and there is nothing individual about it.
e) None of the above

Answer: E

What is the name for a competitive feast that occurs on the North Pacific coast of North America and functions as redistribution exchange?

What is the name for a competitive feast that occurs on the North Pacific coast of North America and functions as redistribution exchange?

a) Market principle
b) Weddings
c) Potlatch
d) Conspicuous consumption
e) Hyper-funding

Answer: C

Very often, American culture doesn't draw a line between race and ethnicity.

Very often, American culture doesn't draw a line between race and ethnicity.

a) True
b) False

Answer: A

What is the name for the view that cultural diversity is valuable and worth maintaining?

What is the name for the view that cultural diversity is valuable and worth maintaining?

a) Assimilation
b) Multiculturalism
c) Plural society
d) Colonialism
e) Nationalities

Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT something people could have reacted to when going through the transition to sedentism and domestication?

Which of the following is NOT something people could have reacted to when going through the transition to sedentism and domestication?

a) Increase in disease
b) Environmental degradation
c) Insecure food supply
d) Waves of crime
e) More labor

Answer: D

Recent archaeological research suggests that food production began in __________, not in the optimal zones where traditional foods were abundant.

Recent archaeological research suggests that food production began in __________, not in the optimal zones where traditional foods were abundant.

a) Lowlands
b) Hilly zones
c) Marginal areas
d) Deserts
e) Areas near the ocean

Answer: C

What did the cases of people living in the Andes, Tibet, and the Ethiopian Highlands relate to?

What did the cases of people living in the Andes, Tibet, and the Ethiopian Highlands relate to?

a) High altitude adaptation
b) Rickets
c) Lactose tolerance
d) Schistosomiasis
e) HIV-AIDS

Answer: A

The presence of social divisions with unequal wealth and power is known as stratification.

The presence of social divisions with unequal wealth and power is known as stratification.

a) True
b) False

Answer: A

_____ developed before farming and herding in the Middle East.

_____ developed before farming and herding in the Middle East.

a) Social stratification
b) Sedentary village life
c) Domestication of maize
d) Domestication of manioc
e) Domestication of cattle

Answer: B

Compared with contemporary humans, early hominids had

Compared with contemporary humans, early hominids had

a) More sophisticated tools
b) More sophisticated forms of bipedal locomotion
c) More developed forms of culture
d) More developed language
e) Very small brains

Answer: E

Homo erectus was very adapted to its econiche. Homo erectus experienced greater reproductive success than earlier hominins and thus pushed its geographic range to

Homo erectus was very adapted to its econiche. Homo erectus experienced greater reproductive success than earlier hominins and thus pushed its geographic range to

a) South America
b) North America
c) Asia and Europe
d) Australia
e) North Africa

Answer: C

Complex societies include which one of the following characteristics?

Complex societies include which one of the following characteristics?

a) Large populations
b) Hierarchical government
c) Political structures
d) Social indicators
e) All of the above

Answer: E

Biological and cultural changes enabled Homo Erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy of

Biological and cultural changes enabled Homo Erectus to exploit a new adaptive strategy of

a) Gathering and hunting
b) Language use
c) Symbolic behavior
d) Spear throwing
e) Complex social organization

Answer: A

Which of the following is true of human biological variation?

Which of the following is true of human biological variation?

a) We are biologically an extremely homogenous species
b) Our human races are biologically distinct groups, not socio-cultural creations
c) Anthropologists have proven that anatomical traits, such as skin color and facial features, cluster together in single distinct races of people
d) Each of us can be legitimately classified into only one race (e.g., European, African, Asian, etc.)
e) There is more genetic difference between races than within them

Answer: E

One advantage of bipedalism is

One advantage of bipedalism is

a) The inability to construct stone tools
b) The ability to move efficiently to exploit new resources
c) Lower cognitive capacity
d) Higher levels of melatonin in the body
e) An ability to adapt to high-altitude living

Answer: B

Bergmann's and Allen's rules describe

Bergmann's and Allen's rules describe

a) How shorter, rounder body types are best adapted to cold environments
b) How taller, thinner body types are best adapted to warm environments
c) How longer noses are better adapted to cold environments
d) How shorter, rounder body types are best adapted to warm environments
e) Both a and b

Answer: E

The shift from foraging to food production was rapid.

The shift from foraging to food production was rapid.

a) True
b) False

Answer: B

Approximately when did the primate lineage emerge?

Approximately when did the primate lineage emerge?

a) 10 million years ago
b) 10,000 years ago
c) 167 million years ago
d) 65 million years ago
e) None of the above

Answer: D

Which of the following is NOT a trend in hominin evolution?

Which of the following is NOT a trend in hominin evolution?

a) Bipedalism
b) Dental changes
c) Olfactory changes
d) Cranial capacity
e) Material culture

Answer: C

Which of the following is NOT a trend of the shared heritage between monkeys and apes?

Which of the following is NOT a trend of the shared heritage between monkeys and apes?

a) Grasping and opposable thumbs
b) A shift from tactile organs on the nose to the hand
c) Increased parental investment
d) An enhanced sense of smell
e) Sociality and an emphasis on the social group

Answer: D

Lactose tolerance emerged

Lactose tolerance emerged

a) Only in Europe because local peoples revered individuals with the ability to drink milk as adults
b) Only in Africa due to the emergence and spread of agriculture and animal husbandry
c) About 10,000 years ago in Europe and Africa because milk is a safe source of drinking water
d) Only in Southeast Asia, where water buffalo were first domesticated
e) In both European and some African populations but because of different selected mutations

Answer: E

A scientist can tell someone's race by looking at his or her DNA

A scientist can tell someone's race by looking at his or her DNA

a) True
b) False

Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for why bipedalism evolved in hominids?

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for why bipedalism evolved in hominids?

a) Cooling off
b) Grassland movement
c) See predators
d) General adaptability
e) Better tree climbing

Answer: E

Marked differences in ___________ distinguish cities and states from the societies that came before them.

Marked differences in ___________ distinguish cities and states from the societies that came before them.

a) Status, power, wealth, and privilege
b) Hominin evolution
c) Animal husbandry
d) Ideology
e) Religious systems

Answer: A

Where was the Clovis tradition found?

Where was the Clovis tradition found?

a) The Americas
b) The Pacific
c) Australia
d) Northern Africa
e) Southern Africa

Answer: A

What was one of the largest apes to have ever lived?

What was one of the largest apes to have ever lived?

a) Ramapithecus
b) Sivapithecus
c) Homo habilis
d) Homo erectus
e) Gigantopithecus

Answer: E

Stratigraphy refers to

Stratigraphy refers to

a) An approach to dating using carbon
b) A type of measurement of the human body conducted in biological anthropology
c) The types of analyses common to cultural anthropology
d) The study of earth sediments deposited in demarcated layers or strata
e) A method of primatological study that focuses on social hierarchy

Answer: D

According to the lecture and textbook, it may be easier to look at racial classification as a series or combination of physical traits.

According to the lecture and textbook, it may be easier to look at racial classification as a series or combination of physical traits.

a) True
b) False

Answer: B

Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:

Primatology helps anthropologists make inferences about the early social organization of hominids and untangle issues of human nature and the origins of culture. Of particular relevance to these types of questions are two kinds of primates:

a) Those with whom we share the least number of homologies, and those with whom we share the most analogies.
b) Those that are in the tribe hominini, and those in the family hominidae
c) Those whose ecological adaptations are similar to our own (terrestrial monkeys and apes), and those most closely related to us, the great apes (chimpanzees and gorillas)
d) Catarrhines and platyrrhines
e) Gigantopithecus and Pierolapithecus

Answer: C

The field of anthropology includes which of the following:

The field of anthropology includes which of the following:

a) The study of human nature
b) The study of human society
c) The study of human past
d) The study of living human culture
e) All of the above

Answer: E

What does "code shifting" refer to?

What does "code shifting" refer to?

a) The ways in which primates communicate with different species
b) Varying one's speech in different social contexts
c) A gender difference in language
d) Forms of address within the fashion industry
e) Forms of address within the world of business

Answer: B

Which of the following is NOT a level of culture?

Which of the following is NOT a level of culture?

a) Global
b) International
c) National
d) Subculture
e) None of the above

Answer: A

Agency refers to the actions of individuals (alone and in groups) that create and transform culture.

Agency refers to the actions of individuals (alone and in groups) that create and transform culture.

a) True
b) False

Answer: A

What is the ethnographic technique that is most associated with firsthand observation of behavior?

What is the ethnographic technique that is most associated with firsthand observation of behavior?

a) Genealogical method
b) Participant observation
c) Secondary data analysis
d) Team research
e) Surveys

Answer: B

What is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

What is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

a) The Hopi not being able to see the world as being in the past, present, or future
b) English speakers paying less attention to differences between males and females than French or Spanish speakers because of the use of gender in their language
c) Inuit having multiple words for snow
d) Hunter-gatherers being able to name hundreds of different plant species in their environment
e) All of the above

Answer: E

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of evolution?

a) Natural selection
b) Sexual selection
c) Random genetic drift
d) Speciation
e) Gene flow

Answer: D

Change in DNA molecules is referred to by the term mutation.

Change in DNA molecules is referred to by the term mutation.

a) True
b) False

Answer: A

According to your textbook and Dr. Gonzalez, _________ in the 18th and 19th century raised doubts about the assumptions about essentialist descriptions of the natural world.

According to your textbook and Dr. Gonzalez, _________ in the 18th and 19th century raised doubts about the assumptions about essentialist descriptions of the natural world.

a) The discovery of the double helix
b) Numerous failed expeditions that searched for Noah's Ark
c) Politicians and lawmakers
d) Fossil discoveries
e) Indigenous religions

Answer: D

The following are true about culture, EXCEPT:

The following are true about culture, EXCEPT:

a) Entirely learned during our lifetimes
b) The full range of learned behavior, patterns and knowledge acquired by people as members of society
c) Knowing which utensils to use and in what order while attending a fancy dinner
d) What made it possible for humans to transform themselves into a truly powerful and global species that controls the fate of other species (mainly plants and animals)
e) It is symbolic and shared

Answer: D

The spread of a cultural trait between groups is known by the term

The spread of a cultural trait between groups is known by the term

a) Diffusion
b) Acculturation
c) Enculturation
d) Independent Intervention
e) Independent Invention

Answer: A

A foundation of research in which people agree to take part only after being fully informed about the research is called

A foundation of research in which people agree to take part only after being fully informed about the research is called

a) Ethical standards approach
b) Paleo-ethics
c) Informed consent
d) Cultural Resource Management
e) Ethical survey standards

Answer: C

Choose the entity below that would most likely NOT want to hire an anthropologist.

Choose the entity below that would most likely NOT want to hire an anthropologist.

a) Engineering firm, Ramboll Incorporated
b) Technology and software corporation, Microsoft
c) Cultural resource management firm, Southeastern Archaeological Services
d) Government service provider, Valbin Corporation
e) Medical instrument manufacturer, Moore Medical LLC

Answer: E

A scientific theory is best described as:

A scientific theory is best described as:

a) A guess or hunch formulated without prior knowledge to explain something
b) A way to explain unknowable phenomena before collecting observable evidence
c) A set of ideas formulated by reasoning from known facts to explain something
d) A suggested, but as yet unverified, explanation for phenomena
e) None of the above

Answer: C

Which of the following is NOT an ethnographic technique?

Which of the following is NOT an ethnographic technique?

a) Using experts on particular aspects of local life as a consultant
b) Understanding kinship, descent, and marriage by looking at a culture's genealogical history
c) Learning a culture by participating in social practices and observing the culture over time
d) Talking to members of a culture to find out more information and even life histories
e) All of the above are examples of ethnographic techniques

Answer: E

According to the textbook, the idea of culture is not considered to be a central concern to anthropologists.

According to the textbook, the idea of culture is not considered to be a central concern to anthropologists.

a) True
b) False

Answer: B

Holism refers to:

Holism refers to:

a) The comparative study of cultures
b) An approach in anthropology that parallels participant observation
c) A focus on the small details of culture
d) The study of the whole of the human condition
e) An adaptive change that occurred in early humans

Answer: D

What is meant by focal vocabulary?

What is meant by focal vocabulary?

a) A language's meaning system
b) Set of words describing particular domains of experience
c) A language's dictionary or set of names for things, events, actions, and qualities
d) Speech sounds
e) Arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences

Answer: B

Which of the following is not an etic explanation of a cultural practice?

Which of the following is not an etic explanation of a cultural practice?

a) Someone suggesting altitude affects a body's adaption during development
b) Someone explaining colds are caused by being exposed to bad weather or cold air
c) Someone explaining Thanksgiving is one of many postharvest festivals practiced across the world
d) Someone suggesting anorexia spread quickly in Hong Kong due to the influence of Western media
e) Someone using "garbology" to explain what a people did, not what they think they did

Answer: B

The anthropological term for the process by which culture traits are spread from one culture to another through direct long term contact is:

The anthropological term for the process by which culture traits are spread from one culture to another through direct long term contact is:

a) Ethnocentrism
b) Enculturation
c) Emic
d) Holism
e) Acculturation

Answer: E

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of culture?

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of culture?

a) It is learned
b) It is shared
c) It is innate
d) It is symbolic
e) It is integrated

Answer: C

Which specialty of anthropology falls under the subfield of biological anthropology?

Which specialty of anthropology falls under the subfield of biological anthropology?

a) Archaeology
b) Linguistics
c) Forensic Anthropology
d) Sociology
e) Folk dance

Answer: C

A group of European settlers moves to Australia and begins interbreeding with the local population, introducing new alleles into the genetic makeup of the local population. This is an example of _____________.

A group of European settlers moves to Australia and begins interbreeding with the local population, introducing new alleles into the genetic makeup of the local population. This is an example of _____________.

a) Gene flow
b) Sexual selection
c) Fixation
d) Stabilizing selection
e) Random genetic drift

Answer: A

Which of the following is not a mechanism of cultural change?

Which of the following is not a mechanism of cultural change?

a) Diffusion
b) The Media
c) Globalization
d) Independent Invention
e) Acculturation

Answer: B

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the theory of evolution by natural selection?

a) Humans and chimpanzees share more than 98% of their genetic material
b) Various species exhibit similar, but not identical, morphological features, including centralized nervous system and bilateral symmetry
c) The discovery of multiple hominin and hominid fossils in Africa that share some traits with humans, and some traits with other modern apes
d) The survival of dark-colored speckled moths in late 1800's Great Britain.
e) All of the above

Answer: E